Fundamentals of SQL

Learn how to use data definition language to create databases and tables, define columns with data types, and modify, drop, truncate, or rename database objects.

Explore data manipulation language (DML) commands—select, insert, update, and delete—and learn how to add, modify, or remove records in a table.

Learn how dcl commands grant and revoke database privileges to users, controlling access and securing data. Explore granting specific privileges (privilege name, object name) to individuals or publicly.

Explore the six types of keys in SQL databases—superguy, candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key, and composite key—and their role in data integrity.

Master aggregate functions in SQL, including average, min, max, sum, and count, to derive a single result from a data set. Apply these to a student table with marks.

Explore sql clauses such as where, group by, having, and order by to filter data, group results with aggregate functions, and sort output for department and age examples.

Learn how to use SQL set operations — union, union all, intersect, and minus — to combine results from multiple select statements, control duplicates, and find common or missing rows.

Explore SQL joins—natural, inner, left, and more—and learn how common columns link two tables, like student and student department, into combined results.

Explore inner joins, left joins, right joins, full joins, natural joins, cross joins, and self joins, plus Cartesian products, to understand how matching columns and nulls shape query results.

Explore arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators in SQL, with practical examples of arithmetic expressions, comparison conditions, and bitwise operations on data.

Introduces sql operators such as all, any, exists, between, like, not, in, is null, and unique, with nested queries and compound conditions for filtering student data.

Learn to use views in SQL to create virtual tables by selecting columns, applying where, joining tables on a key, and managing views with create or replace, rename, and drop.

Learn how to set up a MySQL database, create tables, insert data, and run queries using joins, natural joins, aggregate functions, and pattern matching to analyze employee and salary data.